經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化是當(dāng)今世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的客觀趨勢(shì)，中國(guó)的現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)將在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的國(guó)際環(huán)境下進(jìn)行。
全球化的趨勢(shì)在中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中到處可見(jiàn)。
中國(guó)于2001年末加入了世界貿(mào)易組織，因此要遵守世界貿(mào)易組織的市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入、國(guó)民待遇等原則。企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不僅表現(xiàn)為國(guó)內(nèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，而且最重要的是國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
目前，中國(guó)有實(shí)力的大企業(yè)積極 開(kāi)拓國(guó)際市場(chǎng)，實(shí)行跨國(guó)經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略。在中國(guó)企業(yè)走向國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的時(shí)候，大批國(guó)際跨國(guó)公司紛紛在中國(guó)投資，設(shè)立經(jīng)營(yíng)機(jī)構(gòu)，成為外資流入中國(guó)的主要形式。同時(shí)，中國(guó)政府為了鼓勵(lì)外商投資也采取了各種優(yōu)惠措施。
通曉外語(yǔ)、具有國(guó)際化運(yùn)作經(jīng)驗(yàn)、掌握國(guó)際運(yùn)作規(guī)則的人成為企業(yè)爭(zhēng)奪的焦點(diǎn)。
為適應(yīng)加入WTO的需要，在計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下建立起來(lái)的各種經(jīng)濟(jì)制度紛紛被廢止和更新，新的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)則逐步建立和完善。
中國(guó)人的思想意識(shí)也逐步趨于開(kāi)放和國(guó)際化。能夠從世界的角度來(lái)看待和分析問(wèn)題，并且更加 善于學(xué)習(xí)和接受新鮮事物。
英： 報(bào)關(guān) 員教材
Following are some of the common terms you are likely to hear in any discussion about the global economy:
Balance of trade
Difference in trade (value of a country’s import and export of merchandise), expressed as a monetary figure, between any two countries or any two regions. If country A imports more than they export to country B, then country A has a deficit in their balance of trade with country B, whereas country B has a surplus in their balance of trade with country A.
WTO
World Trade Organization, established in 1995, is responsible formonitoring national trading policies, handling trade disputes, and enforcing the GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs) agreements, which are designed to reduce tariffs and other barriers to international trade and to eliminate discriminatory treatment in international commerce.
Competitive advantage
A nation’s competitiveness depends on the capacity of its industry to innovate and upgrade. Companies gain advantage against the world’s best competitors because of pressure and challenge. They benefit from having strong domestic rivals, aggressive home-based suppliers, and demanding local customers. Competitive advanta
ge is created and sustained through a highly localized process. Differences in national values, culture, economic structures, institutions, and histories all contribute to competitive success.
Free trade
Trade or commerce carried on without such restrictions as import duties, export bounties, domestic production subsidies, trade quotas, or import licenses. The basic argument for free trade is based on the economic theory of comparative advantage: each region should concentrate on what it can produce most cheaply and efficiently and should exchange its products for those it is less able to produce economically.
Capital flow
Movement of large sums of money from one country to another to seek higher rates of return and for investment purposes.
GNP
Gross National Product, total value of goods and services produced in an economy over a particular period of time, usually 1 year. The GNP growth rate is the primary indicator of the status of the economy. Made up of consumer and government purchases, private, domestic and foreign investments, and the total value of exports.
GDP
Gross Domestic Product, same as GNP, with the exception that the total value of goods and services excludes foreign investments and the total value of exports.
Repatriation of profits
Return of the financial assets or generated income of an organization or individual from a foreign country to the home country.
Tariffs
Tax on imports or exports usually imposed to raise revenue or to protect domestic firms from import competition. May also be designed to correct an imbalance of payments. The money collected under tariffs is called duty or customs duty.
中：
以下是一些探討全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的常用術(shù)語(yǔ)：
進(jìn)出口 貿(mào)易差額
兩國(guó)或兩地區(qū)之間以貨幣量來(lái)表示的貿(mào)易差額(一國(guó)貿(mào)易額也即該國(guó)的商品 進(jìn)出口 總額)。如果A國(guó)對(duì)B國(guó)的進(jìn)口總額大于出口總額 ，那么A國(guó)與B國(guó)的貿(mào)易出現(xiàn)了貿(mào)易逆差，而B(niǎo)國(guó)則出現(xiàn)貿(mào)易順差。
世界貿(mào)易組織
世界貿(mào)易組織成立于1995年，負(fù)責(zé)管理各國(guó)貿(mào)易政策，
解決貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端，以及執(zhí)行關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定的各項(xiàng)協(xié)議。關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定是用以通過(guò)在 國(guó)際貿(mào)易 活動(dòng)中降低 關(guān)稅 和減少其他非 關(guān)稅 壁壘，以期達(dá)到消除國(guó)際商務(wù)歧視待遇的。
競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)
一個(gè)國(guó)家的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力依賴于該國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)例新和升級(jí)的能力。各公司企業(yè)由于壓力和挑戰(zhàn)的存在而獲得可以超越世界上最強(qiáng)大競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者的優(yōu)勢(shì)。他們由于有強(qiáng)大的國(guó)內(nèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，有雄厚實(shí)力的國(guó)內(nèi)供應(yīng)商和苛求的國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)者而收益匪淺。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的獲得和保持是通過(guò)一個(gè)高度本地化的過(guò)程來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。各國(guó)在民族價(jià)值、文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)、組織機(jī)構(gòu)和歷史方面的差異都有助于在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中獲得成功。
自由貿(mào)易
自由貿(mào)易是指在沒(méi)有進(jìn)口 關(guān)稅 、出口補(bǔ)貼、國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)補(bǔ)貼、貿(mào)易配額或進(jìn)口許可證等因素限制下進(jìn)行的貿(mào)易或商業(yè)活動(dòng)。自由貿(mào)易理論產(chǎn)生的基本依據(jù)是比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論：各地區(qū)應(yīng)致力于生產(chǎn)成本低效率高的商品，來(lái)交換其那些無(wú)法低成本生產(chǎn)的商品。
資本流動(dòng)
大筆資金在國(guó)與國(guó)之間流動(dòng)以尋求較高的回報(bào)率和較好的投資機(jī)會(huì)。
國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值
國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值指一國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)在一段時(shí)期內(nèi)，通常是一年，包括貨物和服務(wù)在內(nèi)的所有產(chǎn)品的總值。它是衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)地位最主要的指標(biāo)。這其中包括國(guó)民和政府采購(gòu)，私人投資，國(guó)內(nèi)和外國(guó)投資，以及出口貿(mào)易總額。
國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值
國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值除了不包括外國(guó)投資和出口貿(mào)易總額外，和國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值完全一樣。
利潤(rùn)回流
組織或個(gè)人從國(guó)外遷回國(guó)內(nèi)的金融資產(chǎn)或收益。
關(guān)稅
通常是為了增加財(cái)政收入或保護(hù)國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)免受進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力而征收的 進(jìn)出口 稅。有時(shí)也是為了調(diào)整國(guó)際收支差額上的 不平衡。這種稅往往被稱作關(guān)稅或 海關(guān) 關(guān)稅。
